2 files changed, 850 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.cpp
index c412b7f20..9b94dfff1 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.cpp
@@ -339,4 +339,412 @@ VkResult Free(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool handle, Span<VkCommandBuffer> buffe
     return VK_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+Instance Instance::Create(Span<const char*> layers, Span<const char*> extensions,
+                          InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    VkApplicationInfo application_info;
+    application_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
+    application_info.pNext = nullptr;
+    application_info.pApplicationName = "yuzu Emulator";
+    application_info.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0);
+    application_info.pEngineName = "yuzu Emulator";
+    application_info.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0);
+    application_info.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_1;
+
+    VkInstanceCreateInfo ci;
+    ci.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
+    ci.pNext = nullptr;
+    ci.flags = 0;
+    ci.pApplicationInfo = &application_info;
+    ci.enabledLayerCount = layers.size();
+    ci.ppEnabledLayerNames = layers.data();
+    ci.enabledExtensionCount = extensions.size();
+    ci.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();
+
+    VkInstance instance;
+    if (dld.vkCreateInstance(&ci, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        // Failed to create the instance.
+        return {};
+    }
+    if (!Proc(dld.vkDestroyInstance, dld, "vkDestroyInstance", instance)) {
+        // We successfully created an instance but the destroy function couldn't be loaded.
+        // This is a good moment to panic.
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return Instance(instance, dld);
+}
+
+std::optional<std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>> Instance::EnumeratePhysicalDevices() {
+    u32 num;
+    if (dld->vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(handle, &num, nullptr) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physical_devices(num);
+    if (dld->vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(handle, &num, physical_devices.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return physical_devices;
+}
+
+DebugCallback Instance::TryCreateDebugCallback(
+    PFN_vkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackEXT callback) noexcept {
+    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT ci;
+    ci.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
+    ci.pNext = nullptr;
+    ci.flags = 0;
+    ci.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT |
+                         VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+                         VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT |
+                         VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT;
+    ci.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
+                     VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
+                     VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
+    ci.pfnUserCallback = callback;
+    ci.pUserData = nullptr;
+
+    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger;
+    if (dld->vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(handle, &ci, nullptr, &messenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    return DebugCallback(messenger, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+std::vector<VkCheckpointDataNV> Queue::GetCheckpointDataNV(const DeviceDispatch& dld) const {
+    if (!dld.vkGetQueueCheckpointDataNV) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    u32 num;
+    dld.vkGetQueueCheckpointDataNV(queue, &num, nullptr);
+    std::vector<VkCheckpointDataNV> checkpoints(num);
+    dld.vkGetQueueCheckpointDataNV(queue, &num, checkpoints.data());
+    return checkpoints;
+}
+
+void Buffer::BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const {
+    Check(dld->vkBindBufferMemory(owner, handle, memory, offset));
+}
+
+void Image::BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const {
+    Check(dld->vkBindImageMemory(owner, handle, memory, offset));
+}
+
+DescriptorSets DescriptorPool::Allocate(const VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo& ai) const {
+    const std::size_t num = ai.descriptorSetCount;
+    std::unique_ptr sets = std::make_unique<VkDescriptorSet[]>(num);
+    switch (const VkResult result = dld->vkAllocateDescriptorSets(owner, &ai, sets.get())) {
+    case VK_SUCCESS:
+        return DescriptorSets(std::move(sets), num, owner, handle, *dld);
+    case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY:
+        return {};
+    default:
+        throw Exception(result);
+    }
+}
+
+CommandBuffers CommandPool::Allocate(std::size_t num_buffers, VkCommandBufferLevel level) const {
+    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo ai;
+    ai.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+    ai.pNext = nullptr;
+    ai.commandPool = handle;
+    ai.level = level;
+    ai.commandBufferCount = static_cast<u32>(num_buffers);
+
+    std::unique_ptr buffers = std::make_unique<VkCommandBuffer[]>(num_buffers);
+    switch (const VkResult result = dld->vkAllocateCommandBuffers(owner, &ai, buffers.get())) {
+    case VK_SUCCESS:
+        return CommandBuffers(std::move(buffers), num_buffers, owner, handle, *dld);
+    case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY:
+        return {};
+    default:
+        throw Exception(result);
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<VkImage> SwapchainKHR::GetImages() const {
+    u32 num;
+    Check(dld->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(owner, handle, &num, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkImage> images(num);
+    Check(dld->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(owner, handle, &num, images.data()));
+    return images;
+}
+
+Device Device::Create(VkPhysicalDevice physical_device, Span<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queues_ci,
+                      Span<const char*> enabled_extensions,
+                      const VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2& enabled_features,
+                      DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    VkDeviceCreateInfo ci;
+    ci.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
+    ci.pNext = &enabled_features;
+    ci.flags = 0;
+    ci.queueCreateInfoCount = queues_ci.size();
+    ci.pQueueCreateInfos = queues_ci.data();
+    ci.enabledLayerCount = 0;
+    ci.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
+    ci.enabledExtensionCount = enabled_extensions.size();
+    ci.ppEnabledExtensionNames = enabled_extensions.data();
+    ci.pEnabledFeatures = nullptr;
+
+    VkDevice device;
+    if (dld.vkCreateDevice(physical_device, &ci, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    Load(device, dld);
+    return Device(device, dld);
+}
+
+Queue Device::GetQueue(u32 family_index) const noexcept {
+    VkQueue queue;
+    dld->vkGetDeviceQueue(handle, family_index, 0, &queue);
+    return Queue(queue, *dld);
+}
+
+Buffer Device::CreateBuffer(const VkBufferCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkBuffer object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateBuffer(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Buffer(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+BufferView Device::CreateBufferView(const VkBufferViewCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkBufferView object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateBufferView(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return BufferView(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Image Device::CreateImage(const VkImageCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkImage object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateImage(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Image(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+ImageView Device::CreateImageView(const VkImageViewCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkImageView object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateImageView(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return ImageView(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Semaphore Device::CreateSemaphore() const {
+    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo ci;
+    ci.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
+    ci.pNext = nullptr;
+    ci.flags = 0;
+
+    VkSemaphore object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateSemaphore(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Semaphore(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Fence Device::CreateFence(const VkFenceCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkFence object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateFence(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Fence(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DescriptorPool Device::CreateDescriptorPool(const VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkDescriptorPool object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateDescriptorPool(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return DescriptorPool(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+RenderPass Device::CreateRenderPass(const VkRenderPassCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkRenderPass object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateRenderPass(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return RenderPass(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DescriptorSetLayout Device::CreateDescriptorSetLayout(
+    const VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkDescriptorSetLayout object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return DescriptorSetLayout(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+PipelineLayout Device::CreatePipelineLayout(const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkPipelineLayout object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreatePipelineLayout(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return PipelineLayout(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Pipeline Device::CreateGraphicsPipeline(const VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkPipeline object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(handle, nullptr, 1, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Pipeline(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Pipeline Device::CreateComputePipeline(const VkComputePipelineCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkPipeline object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateComputePipelines(handle, nullptr, 1, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Pipeline(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Sampler Device::CreateSampler(const VkSamplerCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkSampler object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateSampler(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Sampler(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Framebuffer Device::CreateFramebuffer(const VkFramebufferCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkFramebuffer object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateFramebuffer(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Framebuffer(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+CommandPool Device::CreateCommandPool(const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkCommandPool object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateCommandPool(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return CommandPool(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR Device::CreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(
+    const VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateCreateInfoKHR& ci) const {
+    VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return DescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+QueryPool Device::CreateQueryPool(const VkQueryPoolCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkQueryPool object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateQueryPool(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return QueryPool(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+ShaderModule Device::CreateShaderModule(const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkShaderModule object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateShaderModule(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return ShaderModule(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+SwapchainKHR Device::CreateSwapchainKHR(const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR& ci) const {
+    VkSwapchainKHR object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateSwapchainKHR(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return SwapchainKHR(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DeviceMemory Device::TryAllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const noexcept {
+    VkDeviceMemory memory;
+    if (dld->vkAllocateMemory(handle, &ai, nullptr, &memory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    return DeviceMemory(memory, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DeviceMemory Device::AllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const {
+    VkDeviceMemory memory;
+    Check(dld->vkAllocateMemory(handle, &ai, nullptr, &memory));
+    return DeviceMemory(memory, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+VkMemoryRequirements Device::GetBufferMemoryRequirements(VkBuffer buffer) const noexcept {
+    VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
+    dld->vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(handle, buffer, &requirements);
+    return requirements;
+}
+
+VkMemoryRequirements Device::GetImageMemoryRequirements(VkImage image) const noexcept {
+    VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
+    dld->vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(handle, image, &requirements);
+    return requirements;
+}
+
+void Device::UpdateDescriptorSets(Span<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writes,
+                                  Span<VkCopyDescriptorSet> copies) const noexcept {
+    dld->vkUpdateDescriptorSets(handle, writes.size(), writes.data(), copies.size(), copies.data());
+}
+
+VkPhysicalDeviceProperties PhysicalDevice::GetProperties() const noexcept {
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physical_device, &properties);
+    return properties;
+}
+
+void PhysicalDevice::GetProperties2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR& properties) const noexcept {
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR(physical_device, &properties);
+}
+
+VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures PhysicalDevice::GetFeatures() const noexcept {
+    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR features2;
+    features2.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2_KHR;
+    features2.pNext = nullptr;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR(physical_device, &features2);
+    return features2.features;
+}
+
+void PhysicalDevice::GetFeatures2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR& features) const noexcept {
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR(physical_device, &features);
+}
+
+VkFormatProperties PhysicalDevice::GetFormatProperties(VkFormat format) const noexcept {
+    VkFormatProperties properties;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physical_device, format, &properties);
+    return properties;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> PhysicalDevice::EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties() const {
+    u32 num;
+    dld->vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical_device, nullptr, &num, nullptr);
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> properties(num);
+    dld->vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical_device, nullptr, &num, properties.data());
+    return properties;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> PhysicalDevice::GetQueueFamilyProperties() const {
+    u32 num;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical_device, &num, nullptr);
+    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> properties(num);
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical_device, &num, properties.data());
+    return properties;
+}
+
+bool PhysicalDevice::GetSurfaceSupportKHR(u32 queue_family_index, VkSurfaceKHR surface) const {
+    VkBool32 supported;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(physical_device, queue_family_index, surface,
+                                                    &supported));
+    return supported == VK_TRUE;
+}
+
+VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR PhysicalDevice::GetSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const
+    noexcept {
+    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physical_device, surface, &capabilities));
+    return capabilities;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> PhysicalDevice::GetSurfaceFormatsKHR(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const {
+    u32 num;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical_device, surface, &num, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats(num);
+    Check(
+        dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical_device, surface, &num, formats.data()));
+    return formats;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> PhysicalDevice::GetSurfacePresentModesKHR(
+    VkSurfaceKHR surface) const {
+    u32 num;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physical_device, surface, &num, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> modes(num);
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physical_device, surface, &num,
+                                                         modes.data()));
+    return modes;
+}
+
+VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties PhysicalDevice::GetMemoryProperties() const noexcept {
+    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties properties;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physical_device, &properties);
+    return properties;
+}
+
+std::optional<std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>> EnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(
+    const InstanceDispatch& dld) {
+    u32 num;
+    if (dld.vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &num, nullptr) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> properties(num);
+    if (dld.vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &num, properties.data()) !=
+        VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return properties;
+}
+
 } // namespace Vulkan::vk
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.h
index 686c2b9a1..fb3657819 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/wrapper.h
@@ -542,4 +542,446 @@ using SurfaceKHR = Handle<VkSurfaceKHR, VkInstance, InstanceDispatch>;
 using DescriptorSets = PoolAllocations<VkDescriptorSet, VkDescriptorPool>;
 using CommandBuffers = PoolAllocations<VkCommandBuffer, VkCommandPool>;
 
+/// Vulkan instance owning handle.
+class Instance : public Handle<VkInstance, NoOwner, InstanceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkInstance, NoOwner, InstanceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Creates a Vulkan instance. Use "operator bool" for error handling.
+    static Instance Create(Span<const char*> layers, Span<const char*> extensions,
+                           InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept;
+
+    /// Enumerates physical devices.
+    /// @return Physical devices and an empty handle on failure.
+    std::optional<std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>> EnumeratePhysicalDevices();
+
+    /// Tries to create a debug callback messenger. Returns an empty handle on failure.
+    DebugCallback TryCreateDebugCallback(PFN_vkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackEXT callback) noexcept;
+};
+
+class Queue {
+public:
+    /// Construct an empty queue handle.
+    constexpr Queue() noexcept = default;
+
+    /// Construct a queue handle.
+    constexpr Queue(VkQueue queue, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept : queue{queue}, dld{&dld} {}
+
+    /// Returns the checkpoint data.
+    /// @note Returns an empty vector when the function pointer is not present.
+    std::vector<VkCheckpointDataNV> GetCheckpointDataNV(const DeviceDispatch& dld) const;
+
+    void Submit(Span<VkSubmitInfo> submit_infos, VkFence fence) const {
+        Check(dld->vkQueueSubmit(queue, submit_infos.size(), submit_infos.data(), fence));
+    }
+
+    VkResult Present(const VkPresentInfoKHR& present_info) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkQueuePresentKHR(queue, &present_info);
+    }
+
+private:
+    VkQueue queue = nullptr;
+    const DeviceDispatch* dld = nullptr;
+};
+
+class Buffer : public Handle<VkBuffer, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkBuffer, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Attaches a memory allocation.
+    void BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const;
+};
+
+class Image : public Handle<VkImage, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkImage, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Attaches a memory allocation.
+    void BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const;
+};
+
+class DeviceMemory : public Handle<VkDeviceMemory, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkDeviceMemory, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    u8* Map(VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) const {
+        void* data;
+        Check(dld->vkMapMemory(owner, handle, offset, size, 0, &data));
+        return static_cast<u8*>(data);
+    }
+
+    void Unmap() const noexcept {
+        dld->vkUnmapMemory(owner, handle);
+    }
+};
+
+class Fence : public Handle<VkFence, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkFence, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    VkResult Wait(u64 timeout = std::numeric_limits<u64>::max()) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkWaitForFences(owner, 1, &handle, true, timeout);
+    }
+
+    VkResult GetStatus() const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkGetFenceStatus(owner, handle);
+    }
+
+    void Reset() const {
+        Check(dld->vkResetFences(owner, 1, &handle));
+    }
+};
+
+class DescriptorPool : public Handle<VkDescriptorPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkDescriptorPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    DescriptorSets Allocate(const VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo& ai) const;
+};
+
+class CommandPool : public Handle<VkCommandPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkCommandPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    CommandBuffers Allocate(std::size_t num_buffers,
+                            VkCommandBufferLevel level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY) const;
+};
+
+class SwapchainKHR : public Handle<VkSwapchainKHR, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkSwapchainKHR, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    std::vector<VkImage> GetImages() const;
+};
+
+class Device : public Handle<VkDevice, NoOwner, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkDevice, NoOwner, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    static Device Create(VkPhysicalDevice physical_device, Span<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queues_ci,
+                         Span<const char*> enabled_extensions,
+                         const VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2& enabled_features,
+                         DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept;
+
+    Queue GetQueue(u32 family_index) const noexcept;
+
+    Buffer CreateBuffer(const VkBufferCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    BufferView CreateBufferView(const VkBufferViewCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Image CreateImage(const VkImageCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    ImageView CreateImageView(const VkImageViewCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Semaphore CreateSemaphore() const;
+
+    Fence CreateFence(const VkFenceCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    DescriptorPool CreateDescriptorPool(const VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    RenderPass CreateRenderPass(const VkRenderPassCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    DescriptorSetLayout CreateDescriptorSetLayout(const VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    PipelineLayout CreatePipelineLayout(const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Pipeline CreateGraphicsPipeline(const VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Pipeline CreateComputePipeline(const VkComputePipelineCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Sampler CreateSampler(const VkSamplerCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Framebuffer CreateFramebuffer(const VkFramebufferCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    CommandPool CreateCommandPool(const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    DescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR CreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(
+        const VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateCreateInfoKHR& ci) const;
+
+    QueryPool CreateQueryPool(const VkQueryPoolCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    ShaderModule CreateShaderModule(const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    SwapchainKHR CreateSwapchainKHR(const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR& ci) const;
+
+    DeviceMemory TryAllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const noexcept;
+
+    DeviceMemory AllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const;
+
+    VkMemoryRequirements GetBufferMemoryRequirements(VkBuffer buffer) const noexcept;
+
+    VkMemoryRequirements GetImageMemoryRequirements(VkImage image) const noexcept;
+
+    void UpdateDescriptorSets(Span<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writes,
+                              Span<VkCopyDescriptorSet> copies) const noexcept;
+
+    void UpdateDescriptorSet(VkDescriptorSet set, VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR update_template,
+                             const void* data) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkUpdateDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR(handle, set, update_template, data);
+    }
+
+    VkResult AcquireNextImageKHR(VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, u64 timeout, VkSemaphore semaphore,
+                                 VkFence fence, u32* image_index) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkAcquireNextImageKHR(handle, swapchain, timeout, semaphore, fence,
+                                          image_index);
+    }
+
+    VkResult WaitIdle() const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkDeviceWaitIdle(handle);
+    }
+
+    void ResetQueryPoolEXT(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 first, u32 count) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkResetQueryPoolEXT(handle, query_pool, first, count);
+    }
+
+    void GetQueryResults(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 first, u32 count, std::size_t data_size,
+                         void* data, VkDeviceSize stride, VkQueryResultFlags flags) const {
+        Check(dld->vkGetQueryPoolResults(handle, query_pool, first, count, data_size, data, stride,
+                                         flags));
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T GetQueryResult(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 first, VkQueryResultFlags flags) const {
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<T>);
+        T value;
+        GetQueryResults(query_pool, first, 1, sizeof(T), &value, sizeof(T), flags);
+        return value;
+    }
+};
+
+class PhysicalDevice {
+public:
+    constexpr PhysicalDevice() noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr PhysicalDevice(VkPhysicalDevice physical_device, const InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept
+        : physical_device{physical_device}, dld{&dld} {}
+
+    constexpr operator VkPhysicalDevice() const noexcept {
+        return physical_device;
+    }
+
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties GetProperties() const noexcept;
+
+    void GetProperties2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR&) const noexcept;
+
+    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures GetFeatures() const noexcept;
+
+    void GetFeatures2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR&) const noexcept;
+
+    VkFormatProperties GetFormatProperties(VkFormat) const noexcept;
+
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties() const;
+
+    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> GetQueueFamilyProperties() const;
+
+    bool GetSurfaceSupportKHR(u32 queue_family_index, VkSurfaceKHR) const;
+
+    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR GetSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(VkSurfaceKHR) const noexcept;
+
+    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> GetSurfaceFormatsKHR(VkSurfaceKHR) const;
+
+    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> GetSurfacePresentModesKHR(VkSurfaceKHR) const;
+
+    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties GetMemoryProperties() const noexcept;
+
+private:
+    VkPhysicalDevice physical_device = nullptr;
+    const InstanceDispatch* dld = nullptr;
+};
+
+class CommandBuffer {
+public:
+    CommandBuffer() noexcept = default;
+
+    explicit CommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept
+        : handle{handle}, dld{&dld} {}
+
+    const VkCommandBuffer* address() const noexcept {
+        return &handle;
+    }
+
+    void Begin(const VkCommandBufferBeginInfo& begin_info) const {
+        Check(dld->vkBeginCommandBuffer(handle, &begin_info));
+    }
+
+    void End() const {
+        Check(dld->vkEndCommandBuffer(handle));
+    }
+
+    void BeginRenderPass(const VkRenderPassBeginInfo& renderpass_bi,
+                         VkSubpassContents contents) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBeginRenderPass(handle, &renderpass_bi, contents);
+    }
+
+    void EndRenderPass() const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdEndRenderPass(handle);
+    }
+
+    void BeginQuery(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 query, VkQueryControlFlags flags) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBeginQuery(handle, query_pool, query, flags);
+    }
+
+    void EndQuery(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 query) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdEndQuery(handle, query_pool, query);
+    }
+
+    void BindDescriptorSets(VkPipelineBindPoint bind_point, VkPipelineLayout layout, u32 first,
+                            Span<VkDescriptorSet> sets, Span<u32> dynamic_offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(handle, bind_point, layout, first, sets.size(), sets.data(),
+                                     dynamic_offsets.size(), dynamic_offsets.data());
+    }
+
+    void BindPipeline(VkPipelineBindPoint bind_point, VkPipeline pipeline) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindPipeline(handle, bind_point, pipeline);
+    }
+
+    void BindIndexBuffer(VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset, VkIndexType index_type) const
+        noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(handle, buffer, offset, index_type);
+    }
+
+    void BindVertexBuffers(u32 first, u32 count, const VkBuffer* buffers,
+                           const VkDeviceSize* offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(handle, first, count, buffers, offsets);
+    }
+
+    void BindVertexBuffer(u32 binding, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset) const noexcept {
+        BindVertexBuffers(binding, 1, &buffer, &offset);
+    }
+
+    void Draw(u32 vertex_count, u32 instance_count, u32 first_vertex, u32 first_instance) const
+        noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdDraw(handle, vertex_count, instance_count, first_vertex, first_instance);
+    }
+
+    void DrawIndexed(u32 index_count, u32 instance_count, u32 first_index, u32 vertex_offset,
+                     u32 first_instance) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdDrawIndexed(handle, index_count, instance_count, first_index, vertex_offset,
+                              first_instance);
+    }
+
+    void ClearAttachments(Span<VkClearAttachment> attachments, Span<VkClearRect> rects) const
+        noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdClearAttachments(handle, attachments.size(), attachments.data(), rects.size(),
+                                   rects.data());
+    }
+
+    void BlitImage(VkImage src_image, VkImageLayout src_layout, VkImage dst_image,
+                   VkImageLayout dst_layout, Span<VkImageBlit> regions, VkFilter filter) const
+        noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBlitImage(handle, src_image, src_layout, dst_image, dst_layout, regions.size(),
+                            regions.data(), filter);
+    }
+
+    void Dispatch(u32 x, u32 y, u32 z) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdDispatch(handle, x, y, z);
+    }
+
+    void PipelineBarrier(VkPipelineStageFlags src_stage_mask, VkPipelineStageFlags dst_stage_mask,
+                         VkDependencyFlags dependency_flags, Span<VkMemoryBarrier> memory_barriers,
+                         Span<VkBufferMemoryBarrier> buffer_barriers,
+                         Span<VkImageMemoryBarrier> image_barriers) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdPipelineBarrier(handle, src_stage_mask, dst_stage_mask, dependency_flags,
+                                  memory_barriers.size(), memory_barriers.data(),
+                                  buffer_barriers.size(), buffer_barriers.data(),
+                                  image_barriers.size(), image_barriers.data());
+    }
+
+    void CopyBufferToImage(VkBuffer src_buffer, VkImage dst_image, VkImageLayout dst_image_layout,
+                           Span<VkBufferImageCopy> regions) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(handle, src_buffer, dst_image, dst_image_layout, regions.size(),
+                                    regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void CopyBuffer(VkBuffer src_buffer, VkBuffer dst_buffer, Span<VkBufferCopy> regions) const
+        noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyBuffer(handle, src_buffer, dst_buffer, regions.size(), regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void CopyImage(VkImage src_image, VkImageLayout src_layout, VkImage dst_image,
+                   VkImageLayout dst_layout, Span<VkImageCopy> regions) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyImage(handle, src_image, src_layout, dst_image, dst_layout, regions.size(),
+                            regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void CopyImageToBuffer(VkImage src_image, VkImageLayout src_layout, VkBuffer dst_buffer,
+                           Span<VkBufferImageCopy> regions) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(handle, src_image, src_layout, dst_buffer, regions.size(),
+                                    regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void FillBuffer(VkBuffer dst_buffer, VkDeviceSize dst_offset, VkDeviceSize size, u32 data) const
+        noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdFillBuffer(handle, dst_buffer, dst_offset, size, data);
+    }
+
+    void PushConstants(VkPipelineLayout layout, VkShaderStageFlags flags, u32 offset, u32 size,
+                       const void* values) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdPushConstants(handle, layout, flags, offset, size, values);
+    }
+
+    void SetCheckpointNV(const void* checkpoint_marker) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetCheckpointNV(handle, checkpoint_marker);
+    }
+
+    void SetViewport(u32 first, Span<VkViewport> viewports) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetViewport(handle, first, viewports.size(), viewports.data());
+    }
+
+    void SetScissor(u32 first, Span<VkRect2D> scissors) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetScissor(handle, first, scissors.size(), scissors.data());
+    }
+
+    void SetBlendConstants(const float blend_constants[4]) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetBlendConstants(handle, blend_constants);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilCompareMask(VkStencilFaceFlags face_mask, u32 compare_mask) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask(handle, face_mask, compare_mask);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilReference(VkStencilFaceFlags face_mask, u32 reference) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilReference(handle, face_mask, reference);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilWriteMask(VkStencilFaceFlags face_mask, u32 write_mask) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask(handle, face_mask, write_mask);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthBias(float constant_factor, float clamp, float slope_factor) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthBias(handle, constant_factor, clamp, slope_factor);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthBounds(float min_depth_bounds, float max_depth_bounds) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthBounds(handle, min_depth_bounds, max_depth_bounds);
+    }
+
+    void BindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT(u32 first, u32 count, const VkBuffer* buffers,
+                                         const VkDeviceSize* offsets,
+                                         const VkDeviceSize* sizes) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT(handle, first, count, buffers, offsets, sizes);
+    }
+
+    void BeginTransformFeedbackEXT(u32 first_counter_buffer, u32 counter_buffers_count,
+                                   const VkBuffer* counter_buffers,
+                                   const VkDeviceSize* counter_buffer_offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBeginTransformFeedbackEXT(handle, first_counter_buffer, counter_buffers_count,
+                                            counter_buffers, counter_buffer_offsets);
+    }
+
+    void EndTransformFeedbackEXT(u32 first_counter_buffer, u32 counter_buffers_count,
+                                 const VkBuffer* counter_buffers,
+                                 const VkDeviceSize* counter_buffer_offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdEndTransformFeedbackEXT(handle, first_counter_buffer, counter_buffers_count,
+                                          counter_buffers, counter_buffer_offsets);
+    }
+
+private:
+    VkCommandBuffer handle;
+    const DeviceDispatch* dld;
+};
+
+std::optional<std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>> EnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(
+    const InstanceDispatch& dld);
+
 } // namespace Vulkan::vk